Corporate reputation refers to people’s collective opinion regarding a corporation or enterprise. It’s based on such features such as search engine results, news coverage, and the publicized actions of the company. There are there some corporate reputation humdingers out there. The news media loves a sizzling story of a corporation’s fall from grace and with good reason. The public is receptive, clicks ensue, money is made. This is because the human brain seems wired to generate copious amounts of curiosity when the topic is salacious or negative.

Every corporation should care about its reputation. That’s why corporate reputation is such a hot topic. And instead of just working to fix a broken reputation or juice more sales from a particularly good reputation, it pays to understand how corporate reputation works in the first place.

By the time you finish reading this article, you’ll be in the know when it comes to corporate reputation. And, more importantly, you’ll understand what goes into a good corporate reputation.

Corporate reputation is an intangible asset

Any discussion of corporate reputation must deal with that jargony phrase intangible asset. Opaque though it might be, the intangible asset aspect of a corporation’s reputation is a necessary first place to start.

In corporate terms, what’s an asset?

It’s anything of value owned by a company. Most of the time we think of assets in terms of a corporation’s land, buildings, inventory, or cash. These are tangible and quantifiable — something that is relatively easy to look at on a spreadsheet or even physically touch.

What, then, is an intangible asset? It’s anything of value owned by a company that doesn’t have a physical correlate. Brand reputation is an intangible asset.

Some of the most recognized intangible assets are things like patents or copyrights. They obviously have value, but not the kind of value that you can place a number on.

Into this nebulous category, we place corporate reputation. It’s an asset, yes, and can be of immense value. But it’s not something that gets a line item or is tallied up at the end of the fiscal year. It’s intangible. But it still has value, huge value.

Since it is intangible, corporate reputation is easy to neglect. Even more serious, when this asset is in jeopardy, its owners may not know how to protect it or repair reputation.

In The Conglomerate, a journal on business law and economics, one writer makes the point that “The quality of a firm’s choices and outcomes are one driver of reputation, but reputation also has a life of its own.” This life of its own accurately describes the risks and rewards of corporate reputation.

But there are upsides as well, at least for corporations with a good reputation. This good reputation as an asset, is one that’s very difficult for competitors to steal or to replicate. The authors of an academic paper in the International Journal of Business and Social Science make this point:

“Good corporate reputations are critical not only because of their potential for value creation, but also because their intangible character makes replication by competing firms considerably more difficult.”

Admitting its unwieldy nature, both advantages and disadvantages, is the first step towards taking effective action in terms of reputation management. But in order to manage a corporate reputation, you need to understand something very important — your reputation stakeholders.

Corporate reputation has stakeholders

Stakeholders are the people who have any level of interest or concern in the corporation. That can be a pretty broad and diverse group of people. What’s important here is to understand who those stakeholders are and how they see the brand.

Who are these stakeholders?

There are two broad groups of stakeholders — those who are within the company and those who are without the company. Each stakeholder or group of stakeholders has a particular angle of interest which affects how they view and react to the corporate reputation.

Here are some of the stakeholders within the company, along with their particular angle of interest:

• CEO – Wants to save face or maintain control
• Employees – Want to hang on to their job, get promoted, be respected by friends and colleagues
• Board members – Want the company stock price to increase
• Attorney – Wants to protect the company legally

Who are the stakeholders who are outside the company?

Vendors – Want the company to maintain their contract and benefit from their success
Prospective employees – Want to work at a company that offers growth, stability, and has a good reputation
Customers – Want to get value, not get ripped off, work with a company that has a good reputation
Investors – Want the company to grow and the stock price to increase
General public – They’re just curious. If the company is large or if the reputation is in midst of a scandal, their curiosity will increase
Each of these stakeholders (and there are more than just these) view the company in different ways because they have different interests.

How do stakeholders view reputation?

Because these stakeholders have different interests, they will seek out information that is most relevant to that interest.

Nearly all of these stakeholders will turn to one source to analyze the company’s reputation: Google. But how they Google the company, and the information that they are interested in will vary.

An investor, for example, may Google “united airlines stock price.”

A prospective employee may search for “united airlines flight attendant salary.”

This type of Google research uses what are called longtail keywords. Longtail keywords are any search phrases that have three or more words. According to research in search engine optimization (SEO), these longtail keywords account for more than 70% of all search queries.

The basic principle to grasp when asking how do these stakeholders view the brand is this: Their viewpoint is shaped based on what they see when they search for longtail keywords.

How a reputation is made

Corporate reputations, therefore, are not formed simply based on what a company does or the gaffes the CEO commits. Reputations are made by how stakeholders perceive the brand. That perception depends on three things:

What are they interested in?
What are they searching for?
What shows up when they search for it?
As self-interested beings, we are going to look for intelligence that informs our particular interest or even corroborates our predilections (known as confirmation bias). If you’re an aspiring flight attendant, you are probably searching for flight attendant salaries for United. If you are a savvy investor, you are searching for market summary united airlines.

Market-summary

What you see in your search results influences what you think of the brand. Ergo, a reputation is made.

This is precisely why corporate reputation management can be so unwieldy. Each stakeholder persona needs to be understood and managed according to what he or she is interested in, searching for, and seeing in the search results.

Corporate reputation has everything to do with the sales funnel
It’s tempting to conceive of corporate reputation as something detached from sales and marketing. Yet nothing could be further from the truth. Corporate reputation and the sales funnel are inextricably linked.

Sales rise or fall on a company’s reputation. And marketing is, to paint with broad strokes, all about shaping a company’s reputation.

When you analyse corporate reputation in light of the sales funnel, several truths emerge — truths that are important for any company attempting to manage its corporate reputation to improve or sustain its current sales pipeline.

The classic sales funnel looks like this — awareness, interest, decision, action.

The funnel becomes far more specific based on the different stakeholders. Not everyone, for example, is purchasing a United Airlines ticket from Newark to Berlin. Some stakeholders, as discussed above, are investors or job applicants.

There is no single sales funnel for a company. There are many iterations of the sales funnel depending on what’s for sale and who’s buying. When you are considering the implications of corporate reputation on the sales funnel, two questions need to be asked:

• Who is doing the buying?
• What exactly are they buying?

Only then can you understand the relevant funnel and its impact on the sales process. Let’s take a fairly simple example — someone interested in purchasing a travel neck pillow.

At the awareness phase, they are interested simply in travel neck pillows. Terms like “memory foam,” “self-inflatable” and “micro velvet covers” aren’t even on their radar at this point. This customer is in the awareness stage, and their queries reflect it.

Autocomplete is their friend, and it shapes how they search, what they see, and the reputation of the products and corporations they consider.Best-travel-neck-pillow-1

Awareness deepens as the customer sees a bewildering array of options — top rated travel neck pillows, each with star reviews and quantities, plus a list of the six best travel neck pillows from a Forbes article.

Instantly, brand names, star ratings, and images are laying the foundation for what is building up to be a corporate reputation. In order to see how the reputation and sales funnel intertwine, lets hone in on a single brand, the BCOZZY. One cannot go very far in the search for a travel pillow without encountering the BCOZZY.

Naturally, the customer is going to Google it. Here, the corporate reputation of BCOZZY for our hypothetical travel pillow customer gets more defined. There are five-star reviews in the customer’s line of sight.

A deeper dive on Amazon surfaces even more positivity.

Overall, BCOZZY appears to have an excellent reputation among the travel neck pillow shoppers of the world. And, thanks to that reputation consisting of five star reviews and glowing recommendations, BCOZZY’s sales funnel is probably doing just fine.

When assessing your corporate reputation, analyse every funnel. And, for an even better perspective, analyze your competitor’s sales funnel, too.

Corporate reputation is shaped by the stakeholders
The irony of corporate reputation is that while stakeholders are the ones perceiving it, they are also the ones shaping it.

For example, a satisfied customer of the BCOZZY goes on to write a positive review.Tammy-zion

Other potential customers read this review, thereby shaping BCOZZY’s reputation.

This is one of the simplest examples of how stakeholders shape a company’s reputation. Customer buys. Customer raves. Reputation enhanced. In today’s review-happy commercial environment, corporate reputations rise and fall based on the words of individual consumers — either disgruntled or overjoyed.

But what other kind of stakeholders are there? There may be antagonistic stakeholders — those who hold nefarious intentions towards the company and want to damage its corporate reputation.

Ever heard of dark PR? As a reputation organization, we are intensely interested in the topic. Why? Because there are reputation or PR agencies who are not interested in the truth, but rather in taking down organizations and businesses for their own gain.

One notable example comes from the corporate reputation of Tesla, an electric car manufacturer. One review of Tesla’s Model S, published in the New York Times nonetheless, took Tesla to task with a scathing review.Stalled-out-tesla

A review published in one of the nation’s most reputable publications can shake a company to its core.

Elon Musk, Tesla’s CEO, fired back a furious takedown of Broder’s review.Most-spectacular-test-drive

The 1,200 word letter, along with eight charts, diagrams, and maps, is a study in reputational protection and a few memorable one liners. (“While the vast majority of journalists are honest, some believe the facts shouldn’t get in the way of a salacious story.”)

This is corporate reputation hardball at its finest. And the point remains — corporate reputation is shaped by the stakeholders. But that doesn’t mean that corporations are left without a prayer. As Musk aptly demonstrated, corporations can fight back.

Fighting back, however, comes with risk. That risk is known as the Streisand Effect. The Economist describes the Streisand Effect the following way: “How efforts to suppress a juicy piece of online information can backfire and end up making things worse for the would-be censor.”

The famed artist Barbara Streisand sued the California Coastal Records Project for invasion of privacy. Her contention was that they possessed on their website illegal footage of her mansion, perched on the Malibu coast.

Streisand’s privacy was about to be invaded even more. Word of the lawsuit leaked out. Interest was piqued. Defenders of free speech rose up mightily. Advocates of cyberlibertarianism took to the proverbial streets of the Internet.

And, since the coastal project’s images were widely available, eventually everyone got a good look at Barbra Streisand’s beach house. We’ve saved you the trouble of having to Google it, because even the Wikipedia entry for “Streisand effect” features the image.Streisand-effect

Defending your reputation can be dicey. You may, in fact, perform a successful counterattack as Elon Musk did. But you may also invite unwanted attention, as exemplified by Barbra Streisand.

Conclusion

In summary corporate reputation is one of a company’s intangible asset. You can’t taste it, smell it, or touchy it, but you can surely benefit from its improvement or suffer from it’s decline.

It all depends on your stakeholders. These are the people who have a vested interest in your brand. Perhaps they work for it, want to work for it, buy from it, or benefit from investing in it. Whatever the case, their reputation of a corporation depends on their angle of interest and what shows up when they Google it.

Corporate reputation is complex and multi-layered. It is also, gratefully, defensible. But only to a degree.